Winemaking is the whole process of getting wine from grapes, which starts with the selection of grapes and ends with the bottling of wine. The science of winemaking և grapes is called oenology. A person who is engaged in winemaking is called a winemaker.
There is primary և secondary winemaking.
The main process of primary winemaking is alcohol fermentation, when pure yeast culture (2-3%) is added to the hungry, the fermentation can also proceed with the natural yeast contained in grapes. Fermentation of grape hungry sugar produces ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, as well as secondary fermentation materials. For making dry wines, sweet is subjected to full fermentation, and for semi-sweet, strong և dessert wines, partial fermentation.

One of the most important conditions for the care of the wine after the fermentation is to keep the bowl full of wine. White table wine is made from white, pink, like red grapes, processed in a “white” way.

In the factory, the grapes are crushed by crushing-removing machines and turn into ashes. The latter is supplied to the flowers to disconnect the gravity from the crumbly crumb, then the clod is passed continuously with regular-action presses to disconnect the crumbly grapes from the crumb completely. Hunger is simplified by settling or decantation for 18-24 hours, simultaneously treated with bentonite and sulfur dioxide. Pure sugar culture is added to the exposed hunger. It is used only for gravity, strong wines, for pressed hunger, to get good table wines. When the fermentation, the release of carbon dioxide, is over, the wine is separated from the sediment, it turns out, it is filled by the containers. Table red wines are made from red or white grapes, the pigments of which are found in the skin cells of the fruit; the flesh of the fruit does not contain pigments. Hunger is fermented at the same time as the skin of the fetus. Due to the high temperature created during the fermentation process, the skin cells are destroyed, the dyes are starved and dissolved. It is facilitated by the alcohol formed during the fermentation process. After coloring, the sweet is separated from the solid materials. Red wine is also made by heat treatment of grapes. Sparkling wines (hard, dessert) are made from special grapes of high sugar content. The taste and aroma of these wines are conditioned by the grape variety and the technological peculiarity of making the wine. Semi-sweet wine can be obtained in two ways, by stopping the fermentation of high-sugar hunger after a certain period of time ․ By adding fermented աքար sugar-free wine to the usual unleavened bread or by mixing it with the concentrated wine grapes to blend. In the primary wineries they get white, dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet, strong և dessert wines, vacuum juice, grape juice. Basement warehouses or elevated buildings with normal air conditioning are more effective for the aging and storage of secondary winemaking wines. Wines are stored in oak barrels and pots, as well as in gilded containers.
Maturation is the processing carried out to obtain certain և stable types of wines, which is carried out in barrels, butters, airtight containers with the participation of oxygen in the air. Wines are aged in oxygen-free conditions in bottles. They get different wines by aging, it lasts from 1.5 to 3, for some wines – 4 years. Among the care and processing of wines are beheading, cross-breeding, simplification, blending, cooling, pasteurization (disinfection), etc. Stirring is done to make up for the lack of evaporated wine, to prevent vinegar, for which they use the same type of wine. Transplantation is the separation of the transparent part of the wine from the sediment – sugar (first conversion), adhesives, etc. First, the main exchange takes place after the fermentation is over, in the presence of air. Subsequent exchanges are made as needed. Due to the exchange, the wine is enriched with oxygen from the air, the quality, taste, bouquet and aroma improve. Wine is simplified by filtration and gluing. Due to the redox processes in the wine, some of its ingredients (dyes, proteins, tannins, pectins) become dependent, cause turbidity, and then settle. Wine’s bacteria sit. Filtered with diatomite, asbestos, membrane և other filters. Gluing is the processing of wine with adhesives (fish glue, gelatin, casein, egg white, milk, bentonite), which absorb the turbid particles, forming flakes, and settle, simplifying the wine. Excess iron from wine is removed with yellow blood salt and phytin. Gluing at the same time improves the taste and smell of wine, makes it harmonious.
Armenia is considered to be one of the oldest viticultural lands, where winemaking had developed significantly since the Urartian period (IX-VI centuries BC). During the excavations of Teishebain fortress, a wine warehouse was discovered, about 480 jars, with a total capacity of 37,000 dachs. More than 200 jars of about 1000 liters were found in about 10 warehouses excavated in Toprak-Kale of Haykaberd, Manazkert, Karmir Blur and Erebuni. ⁹ They were mainly in a covered vineyard, where the grapes were crushed with bare and clean feet. Most of the wine was stored in jars or barrels in the cellars next to the threshing floor, where it was further fermented, matured, and the aged wine was aged. Fermented sweet is called macar. The rest of the grapes (chanch, skin և stone) accumulated on the bottom of the grape was poured into separate containers, from which vodka was later distilled. In the first years of the establishment of Soviet rule in Armenia, the regions of industrial winemaking were the regions of Etchmiadzin, Ashtarak, Artashat and Ararat. Currently, winemaking has industrial significance in 14 regions of the republic.
In 2010-2011, during excavations in a cave near the village of Areni, archaeologists discovered clay vessels for crushing, fermenting and storing grapes, grape stones and cups, which means that they were engaged in winemaking in Armenia more than 6000 years ago.

To wake upTo get upTo wash face and handsTo brush teethTo do morning exerciseTo take a showerTo get dressedTo comb hairTo have breakfastTo drink a cup of coffee/teaTo check the phoneTo clean the roomTo make the bedTo collect the bagTo leave the houseTo go to college + to do lessonsTo come back homeTo have lunchTo have dinnerTo have supperTo go in for sportTo read a bookTo do homeworkTo go for a walkTo go to bedEnvironmental issues

 

Our environment faces several problems, and many of these seem to be worsening with time, bringing us into a time of a true environmental crisis. Some of the key issues are:

 

1) Pollution

 

Pollution of the air, water and soil caused by toxins such as plastics, heavy metals and nitrates, caused by factors such as toxins and gases released by factories, combustion of fossil fuels, acid rain, oil spill and industrial waste.

 

2) Global warming

 

The emission of greenhouse gases due to human activity causes global warming, which in turn causes an increase in temperature that then leads to rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, flash floods and desertification.

 

3) Overpopulation

 

We are facing a shortage of resources such as food, water and fuel to sustain the rising global population, particularly in developing countries. Intensive agriculture attempting to lessen the problem actually leads to more damage through the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides

 

4) Deforestation

 

Loss of trees in order to make space for residential, industrial or commercial projects means that less oxygen is produced, and temperature and rainfall are affected.

 

5) Ozone layer depletion

 

Pollution caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the air creates a hole in the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful UV radiation.

 

6) Public health issues

 

Lack of clean water is one of the leading environmental problems currently. Pollutants in the air also cause issues such as respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease.

 

 

Even in the stone age people made music. The first music was probably made trying to imitate sounds and rhythms that occurred naturally. Human music may echo these phenomena using patterns, repetition and tonality. This kind of music is still here today. Shamans sometimes imitate sounds that are heard in nature. It may also serve as entertainment (games), or have practical uses, like attracting animals when hunting.

 

Some animals also can use music. Songbirds use song to protect their territory, or to attract a mate. Monkeys have been seen beating hollow logs. This may, of course, also serve to defend the territory.

 

The first musical instrument used by humans was probably the voice. The human voice can make many different kinds of sounds. The larynx (voice box) is like a wind instrument.

 

The oldest known Neanderthal hyoid bone with the modern human form was found in 1983, indicating that the Neanderthals had language, because the hyoid supports the voice box in the human throat.

 

Most likely the first rhythm instruments or percussion instruments involved the clapping of hands, stones hit together, or other things that are useful to keep a beat. There are finds of this type that date back to the paleolithic. Some of these are ambiguous, as they can be used either as a tool or a musical instrument.

 

 

1)Music – singer, musician.

 

2)Literature – author, writer.

 

3)Dancing – dancer.

 

4)Sculpturing – pottery, sculpture master.

 

5)Cinematography – film director, script writer, actor.

 

6)Ice skating – ice scator.

 

7)Painting – painter.

 

8)Architecture

 

 

Noun (Countable and Uncountable Nouns) հղումով`

 

English in Mind(Student’s Book 1) Unit 6

 

a/an, some and any,many and much հղումով`

 

Mkhitar Sebastatsi (Life)` հղումով

 

Առաջադրանքներ- հղում, հղում

 

DECIDE WHETHER THESE NOUNS ARE COUNTABLE (C) OR UNCOUNTABLE (U)

 

-U -C

 

The children are playing in the garden. -C

 

2 .I don’t like milk. -U

 

3.I prefer tea. -U

 

4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution. -C

 

5. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. -U

 

6. There are a lot of windows in our classroom. -C

 

7. We need some glue to fix this vase. -U

 

8.The waiters in this restaurant -C

 

9.My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning. -C

 

10.The bread my mother prepares is delicious. -U

 

11. Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery. —C

 

12. Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents. -C

 

13. I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic. -C

 

14. I’d like some juice please -U

 

15. Successful candidates will join the camp later this year. -C

 

16. A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand for energy. -U

 

17. The exercises on this website are interesting. -C

 

18.Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water. -U

 

19. Adult illiterates learn through a special government program. -C

 

20. I met some nice people when I was walking along the beach. -C

 

MANY, MUCH, A/AN, SOME AND ANY

 

Ex.1 Insert many or much

 

1.There is much fruit in the basket.

 

2. There is much money in my purse.

 

3. There are many letters in the letter-box.

 

4. There is much work for you today.

 

5. There is much information in this book.

 

6.There are many sentences in this exercise.

 

7. There are many mistakes in your dictation.

 

8. There is too much homework for today.

 

9. There are many fashionable dresses in this shop.

 

10. There is too much noise in the classroom.

 

Ex.2 Insert a/an or some

 

1.There is a bird in the cage.

 

2. There is some water in the jug.

 

3. There are some sandwiches on the tray.

 

4 There is some money in his pocket.

 

5.There is some sugar in the bowl.

 

6. Mathematics is an important subject.

 

7. There is a bank in this street.

 

8.There are some newspapers in my bag

 

9. There is some wine in the bottle.

 

10. There are some maps on the walls.

 

11. Some students are quite intelligent.

 

 

Ժամանակահատված ՝ Նոյեմբեր 1-5

 

Present Simple,Present Continuous exercises հղումով՝

 

Ex. 1 Complete the sentences.

Use the present continuous form of the verb in brackets.

1. You are using my mobile phone!

2. My dad is washing his car.

3. It is not raining today.

4. Whois she chatting to now?

5. What are you doing at the moment?

6. We are sitting on the train.

7. The students are having lunch in the canteen.

8. ‘Are you making dinner?’ ‘Yes, I am.’

 

Ex.2 Present Continuous — Positive and Negative

Make the present continuous, positive or negative

1) I am studying at the moment.

 

I’m not studying at the moment.

 

2) I am not sleeping.

I’m not sleeping.

 

3) You are playing badminton tonight.

 

You are not playing badminton tonight.

 

4) We are watching TV.

We are not watching TV.

 

5) She is not working in Spain.

She is working in Spain.

 

6) He is not waiting for the bus.

He is waiting for the bus.

 

7) They are reading.

They aren’t reading.

 

8)We are not going to cinema tonight.

We are going to cinema tonight.

 

9) You are not reading the newspaper.

You are reading the newspaper.

 

10) She is eating chocolate.

She is not eating chocolate.

 

11) I am not living in Paris.

I am living in Paris.

 

12)We are studying French.

We are not studying French.

 

13) They are not leaving now.

They are leaving now.

 

14) They are living in London.

They are not living in London.

 

15) He is working in a restuarant now.

He is not working in a restuarant now.

 

16) I’m not meeting my father at four.

I’m meeting my father at four.

 

17) She is not drinking tea now.

She is drinking tea now.

 

18) She is playing the guitar.

She is not playing the guitar.

 

19) We are cooking.

We are not cooking.

 

20) He is walking to school now.

 

He is not walking to school now.

 

Ex.3 Continuous — Questions

Make the present continuous — ‘yes / no’ or ‘wh’ questions

1) What time are you going to the cinema?

2) Why are you studying?

3) When are you leaving?

4) Are you smoking?

5) Is he playing tennis later?

6) Are you going shopping at the weekend?

7) Are you drinking wine?

8) What are you drinking now?

9) What are you thinking?

10) Is she working in an office at the moment?

11) Are they studying Portuguese?

12) What time is she coming?

13) Where are you playing tennis tonight?

14) Are you meeting your friends on Friday?

15) Are you reading now?

16) Where are you going now?

17) What are you doing?

18) Is she living in London?

19) Are they studying now?

20) Are you eating cake?

 

Ex. 4 Choose Present Continuous or Present Simple

Choose the present simple or present continuous — it could be positive, negative or question

1) You don’t like chocolate.

2) She is not studying at the moment.

3) We often go to the cinema.

4) He usually does his homework.

5) They don’t eat rice every day.

6) We don’t study every night.

7) Do you like spicy food?

8)Does she go to Scotland often?

9) Is he eating now?

10) We are going to the cinema this weekend.

11) They are studying now.

12) I clean the kitchen every day.

13) She works every Sunday.

14) We are not sleeping now.

15) I am going on holiday tomorrow.

16) How long is she staying in London?

17) I often read at night.

18) We don’t drink much wine.

 

Present Simple

 

Ex. 1 Change the verb into the correct form:

 

I don’t ride horses.You don’t sell cars.He doesen’t bring gifts.She doesen’t take pictures.It doesen’t cost so much.We don’t seem so happy.They don’t buy new products.Michael doesen’t dance.Michel doesen’t run fast.Tim and Kate don’t work every day.Lucas and Clara don’t eat meat.I don’t swim much.You don’t ski at all.It doesen’t hurt.We don’t give up

 

Ex.2 Questions with do or does

 

Do you write with a pencil?Does your father often make breakfast?Do your teachers always check your homework?Do you and your sister feed the pets?Do you upload pictures?Does your friend visit museums?Do your cats climb trees?Do you learn to cook at school?Does your sister play badminton?Do your grandparents go on holiday in winter?

 

Past Simple, Past Continuous exercises հղումով՝

 

Ex.1

 

1) I heard a new song on the radio.

2) I read three books last week.

3) They spoke French to the waitres.

4) He understood during the class, but now he doesn’t understand.

5) I forgot to buy some milk.

6) She had a baby in June.

7) You lost your keys last week.

8)They swam 500m.

9) I gave my mother a CD for Christmas.

10) At the age of 23, she became a doctor.

11) I knew the answer yesterday.

12) He told me that he lived in Toronto

13) We lent John £200.

14) She drank too much coffee yesterday.

15) The children slept in the car.

16) He kept his promise.

17) I chose steak for dinner.

18) The film began late.

19) We flew to Sydney.

20) They drove to Beijing.

21) He taught English at the University.

22) I sent you an email earlier.

23) We left the house at 7am.

24) He felt terrible after eating the prawns.

25) She brought some chocolates to the party.

 

Ex.2 Past Simple — ‘Wh’ Questions

Make past simple questions

 

1) Where did you go to school?

2) When did she arrive ?

3) Why did he eat so much?

4) What did they do yesterday?

5) Who you met at the party?

6) How did she come to work this morning?

7) Where did I leave my glasses?

8)When did he get home last night?

9) What did you do at the weekend?

10) Why did she get angry?

11) Who they talked earlier?

12) What did we do last Christmas?

13) Why did it rain on my birthday?

14) How did she finish so quickly?

15) Where did he go after the class last week?

16) What did I do last Tuesday?

17) When did you start your job?

18) How did she get here?

19) What did he do last summer?

 

Ex. 3 Past Continuous — Questions

Make past continuous ‘wh’ or ‘yes / no’ questions

 

1) When you arrived at the party was Alan dancing?

2) When you arrived at the party was Susie drinking gin ?

3) When you arrived at the party were John and Ann singing?

4) When you arrived at the party was Luke talking to the girls?

5) When you arrived at the party was Jodie putting on make up?

6) When you arrived at the party were we cooking?

7) When you arrived at the party was Jane playing the guitar?

8)When you arrived at the party was David reading a book?

9) When you arrived at the party was Francis sitting in the corner?

10) When you arrived at the party was everybody having fun?

11) When I saw you and Lucy last night, where were you going?

12) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what were you doing?

13) When I saw you and Lucy last night, who were you meeting?

14) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what was Lucy wearing?

15) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what were you eating?

16) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what were you drinking?

17) When I saw you and Lucy last night, why was Lucy smoking?

18) When I saw you and Lucy last night, who were you talking to?

19) When I saw you and Lucy last night, what were you carrying?

20) When I saw you and Lucy last night, how was Lucy feeling?

 

Ex. 4 Past Simple ‘Be’ Positive and Negative

Make the past simple with ‘be’

 

1) It was cold yesterday.

2) She was hungry.

3) We were late for the meeting.

4) I was tired last night.

5) The exam was difficult.

6) They were in Berlin.

7) You were in the library when I called you.

8) The holiday was fun.

9) He was early for the interview.

10) The people we met last night were French.

11) That woman wasn’t Spanish.

12) Julie wasn’t late for the class.

13) The food wasn’t very good.

14) They weren’t my uncle and aunt.

15) I wasn’t rude to the waitress.

16) The test wasn’t easy.

17) We weren’t tired when we arrived.

18) They weren’t on the bus when I called.

19) You weren’t here when she came.

20) He wasn’t my boyfriend.

 

Ex.5 Past Simple — Negative

Make the past simple negative

 

1) I didn’t go out last night.

2) You didn’t come to the party.

3) She didn’t love chocolate as a child.

4) He didn’t like sport.

5) We didn’t study for the exam.

6) They didn’t cook at the weekend.

7) Lucy didn’t meet her friends last week.

8)I didn’t stay at home.

9) You didn’t do your homework.

10) John didn’t work in the bank at the same time as me.

11) They didn’t play tennis yesterday.

12) We didn’t go on holiday last year.

13) Julia and Anne didn’t clean the house at all.

14) She didn’t cry much as a baby.

15) He didn’t drive to work.

16) I didn’t remember to buy milk.

17) You didn’t wash the dishes.

18) David and I didn’t dance at the party.

19) They didn’t play the piano.

20) It didn’t rain yesterday.

 

 

PRESENT CONITNOUS -Grammar

 

Սովորում ենք նյութը և ներկայացնում անգլերեն հղումով՝

 

Ընթերցանության համար նախատեսված նյութ՝ հղումով

 

English in Mind (Student’s Book 1) Unit 2

 

Անգլերեն լեզվով խոսքը լսելու և ‘listening’ կոչված հմտությունը զարգացնելու համար անցնում ենք հետևյալ հղումով ,լսում,այնուհետև պատասխանում ենք հարցերին։

 

Exercises

 

1 Put the verbs in Present Simple or Present Continuous.

 

teach have (2) drive leave

 

It’s 7.30am. Suzanne Wells is in her kitchen at home. She (1)is having breakfast. She (2)has breakfast at this time every morning. She (3) leaves home at 8.30am every day and (4)drives to work. Suzanne is a teacher. She (5)teaches at a school in Canberra.

 

2. Make questions in Simple Present or in Present Continuous

 

Do you wear jeans often?Are you wearing jeans now?Is it raining now?Does it rain in your country often?Do you study English every day?Are you studying English at the moment.

 

3. Put Present Continuous or Present Simple

 

I write English exercises twice a week. (to write)My friend does his homework in the afternoon as a rule. (to do)My sister is doing her homework now. (to do)Don’t shout! The baby is sleeping . (to sleep)The baby always sleeps after dinner. (to sleep)What are you reading now? (to read)What books do you read for your literature lessons? (to read)What does your mother usually cook_ for lunch? (to cook)Is she cooking a cake now? (to cook)My wife normally works at home, but she is spending this month in Italy.Most days, Tom usually cycles (cycle) to work.When is the lesson starting (start) today?What’s your brother doing? He is doing the crossword in the newspaper He does it every day.I’m afraid I’ll lose this game of chess. I am playing very badly. I usually play much better (play).What’s she doing? — She is mending her husband’s socks. She always mends them. (mend)Yes, you can borrow my dictionary. I use it a lot, but I’m not using it now.We don’t travel (not travel) by train very often.It is snowing right now. It’s beautiful! I like (like) this weather.

 

4.. Put the verbs in Present Continuous or Present Simple

 

The river flows very fast today,it’s flowing faster than usual.You always complain that waiters are rude!I walk to school every day. I don’t take the bus.You always borrow money!Robert is a vegetarian. He doesn’t eat meat.Do you cook your own dinner every day?Are you in a hurry? — No, I am walking quickly because I’m cold.Where’s your father? — He is in the bathroom. He is shaving.The neighbours forever slam doors and shout during the night.My sister takes part in the competitions almost every weekend.